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Genetic Age
Please note that genetic age is different from calendar age. We can now estimate your dog's calendar age with the Embark Age Test.
The genetic age in this report is an estimation of where your dog is in his or her healthspan.
Dogs age at very different rates due to a number of genetic and environmental factors. Body size is a strong genetic influence: for example, a seven year old Great Dane is at the start of his golden years, but a seven year old Pomeranian is just learning what "slow down" means. Just within this example, you can see that the old "one doggie year = seven human years" adage isn’t going to work.
And yet, knowing your dog’s age is important: it informs what your dog needs as far as food, frequency of veterinary checkups, and exercise. So how do you best determine how old your dog is?
Embark's genetic age feature calculates how old your dog would be if he or she were aging at an average human rate (using humans in the USA as the baseline). So going back to our Dane/Pom example, we'd estimate a seven year old Great Dane at about 80 years old (senior citizen), but a seven year old Pom would be about 42 (adult). Makes way more sense, right?
Personalized genetic age table for Pawlee
Calendar age
Genetic age
1 year
16 human years
2 years
25 human years
3 years
32 human years
4 years
39 human years
5 years
46 human years
6 years
54 human years
7 years
61 human years
8 years
68 human years
9 years
75 human years
10 years
83 human years
11 years
90 human years
12 years
97 human years
13 years
105 human years
14 years
112 human years
15 years
119 human years
16 years
120 human years
17 years
120 human years
18 years
120 human years
19 years
120 human years
20 years
120 human years
21 years
120 human years
All we need from you is a calendar age. It's okay if this is an estimation: it is just a starting point. We then factor in your dog's breed composition, information at certain genes that affect size, and their inbreeding coefficient to calculate genetic age. Like in humans, in dogs females tend to live longer than males (so an “80 year old” female dog = 80 year old woman). Exercise and diet also play a role in how long your dog will live. Nevertheless, genetic age is the primary risk factor for numerous diseases in dogs, including cancer, kidney disease, osteoarthritis, cataracts, cardiac disease and cognitive decline. It can help you and your vet know what you should feed your dog, what screenings to get, and other aspects of your dog’s care.
Wolfiness score
How wolfy is my dog?
Most dogs have wolfiness scores of 1% or less. We find populations and breeds with higher scores of 2-4% occasionally, and unique dogs with scores of 5% or above more rarely.
What it means for my dog
Your dog’s Wolfiness Score is not a measure of recent dog-wolf hybridization and does not necessarily indicate that your dog has some recent wolf ancestors. (If your dog has recent wolf ancestors, you will see that in the breed mix report.) Instead, the Wolfiness Score is based on the number of ancient genetic variants your dog has in our unique Wolfiness marker panel. Wolfiness scores up to 10% are almost always due to ancient wolf genes that survived many generations, rather than any recent wolf ancestors. These ancient genes may be a few thousand years old, or may even date back to the original domestication event 15,000 years ago. They are bits of a wild past that survive in your dog!
The science
Your dog’s Wolfiness Score is based on hundreds of markers across the genome where dogs (or almost all of them) are the same, but wolves tend to be different. These markers are thought to be related to "domestication gene sweeps" where early dogs were selected for some trait. Scientists have known about “domestication gene sweeps” for years, but do not yet know why each sweep occurred. By finding rare dogs carrying an ancient variant at a certain marker, we can make associations with behavior, size, metabolism, and development that likely caused these unique signatures of “doggyness” in the genome.
Predicted Adult Weight
How does weight matter?
For people with puppies, you probably want to know how big of a crate to buy or just how big to expect your dog to become. But genetic weight is also useful for people with fully grown dogs. Just like with people, overweight and obese dogs suffer reduced length and quality of life. They can develop chronic health conditions and suffer from limited mobility and other issues. While over half of American dogs are overweight or obese, fewer than 15% of their owners realize it. By comparing your dog’s weight to their genetic predicted weight you have one more piece of information about their ideal weight. With this and other pieces of information like weight history and body condition, you and your veterinarian may want to discuss your dog’s diet, exercise, and weight control plan to give your pup the longest, healthiest life possible.
How do we predict weight?
Our test is the only dog DNA test that provides true genetic size not based just on breed ancestry but based on over a dozen genes known to influence a dog’s weight. It uses the most advanced science to determine your dog’s expected weight based on their sex, the combination of these genes, and breed-specific modifiers.
How accurate is the predicted weight?
Unlike in people, healthy weight in dogs is controlled largely by only a few genes. Our algorithm explains over 85% of the variance in healthy adult weight. However, due to a few as-yet-undiscovered genes and genetic interactions that affect size, this algorithm sometimes misses. Occasionally it misses by a fairly large amount especially when a dog has a breed with an unknown size-influencing gene. If we have missed your dog’s weight, your dog may be a scientific discovery waiting to happen! Please be sure to go to the Research tab and complete the Getting to know your dog survey, where you can answer questions about your dog’s current weight and body shape. This information will inform our ongoing research into the genetics of size and weight in dogs.
Haplotypes
Revealing your dog’s ancient heritage
Haplotypes are particular DNA sequences that are inherited entirely from a dog’s mom (maternal) or dad (paternal).
Because they are inherited whole, your dog and his or her mom share the exact same maternal haplotype.
If you have a male dog, your dog and his dad share the exact same paternal haplotype (female dogs don’t inherit paternal haplotypes).
Because most breeds were started with only a few individual dogs, many breeds are dominated by only one or a few haplotypes.
Haplogroups
Revealing your dog’s ancient heritage
Haplogroups are groups of similar DNA sequences (called haplotypes) that are inherited entirely from the mother (maternal) or father (paternal) and don’t get shuffled up like other parts of your dog’s genome.
These groups all originally descend from one male or female wolf, usually one that lived tens of thousands of years ago.
Because they are inherited whole and not shuffled like other DNA, they can be used to trace the ancestral routes that dogs took around the globe en route to your home.
Only male dogs have paternal haplogroups because they are determined by the Y chromosome, which only male dogs have. Both males and females have maternal haplogroups, which come from a part of DNA called the mitochondrial DNA.
Breed analysis
Breed analysis is based on comparing your dog’s DNA with the DNA of dogs from over 350 breeds, types and varieties.
How are Pawlee's ancestors represented in his DNA?
All dogs are related and share some DNA. Siblings share lots of their DNA (half of it in fact), cousins share a bit less (an eighth), and so on. Because dog breeds are made up of a closed group of dogs, all dogs in that breed share a lot of their DNA, typically about as much as second cousins, though it varies by breed. Different breeds that are closely related share somewhat less DNA, and dogs from very different breeds share even less DNA (but still much more DNA than either dog shares with a cat).
DNA is inherited in pieces, called chromosomes, that are passed along from parent to offspring. Each generation, these chromosomes are broken up and shuffled a bit in a process known as recombination. So, the length of the segments your dog shares with his ancestors decreases with each generation above him: he shares longer segments with his mom than his grandma, longer segments with his grandma than his great-grandma, and so on.
How does Embark know which breeds are in Pawlee?
We can use the length of segments Pawlee shares with our reference dogs to see how many generations it has been since they last shared an ancestor. Long segments of DNA that are identical to known purebred dogs tell Embark's scientists that Pawlee has, without a doubt, a relative from that breed. By testing thousands of genetic markers, we build up his genes one DNA segment at a time, to learn the ancestry with great certainty.
What does this mean for Pawlee's looks and behavior?
Look closely and you'll probably find Pawlee has some physical and/or behavioral resemblance with his ancestor's breeds. The exact similarity depends on which parts of DNA Pawlee shares with each breed. Some traits associated with each breed are listed in the Breed & Ancestry section of our website. Embark will tell you even more about Pawlee's traits soon!
P.S. In a small proportion of cases, we find dogs that don’t share segments with other dogs we have tested, indicating the presence of a rare breed that is not part of our reference panel or possibly a true "village dog" without any purebred relatives at all. In these rare cases we contact the owner to find out more and let them know about their unique dog before they get their results. With this in-depth detective work, we are pushing science forward by identifying genetically unique groups of dogs.
“Dogs Like Pawlee” are based on the percentage of breeds the two dogs have in common. For example, two dogs that are both
27% Golden Retriever and 73% Poodle will have a score of 100%. Sometimes dogs with high scores look alike, and
sometimes they don’t — either way the comparison is based on each dog’s unique DNA.
DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome tend to be inherited together. Because of this, we can use genetic variation surrounding a specific variant (i.e. "linked" to it) to infer the presence or absence of a variant that is associated with a health condition or trait.
Linkage tests are not as predictive of your dog’s true genotype as direct assays, which we use on most other genetic conditions we test for.
Traits
Explore the genetics behind your dog’s appearance and size.
No Result
For every test, we run multiple assays to ensure the accuracy of the results we deliver. For your dog, one or more of these produced inconclusive or low confident results. Therefore, we are not able to provide you with a result at this time.
Base Coat Color
Genetic Result:
EmE or Eme
Why doesn't Pawlee have an exact genotype at this locus?
This locus actually includes several alleles. At the time this dog was genotyped Embark can distinguish some, but
not all, of the possible alleles at this location.
Gene:
Melanocortin Receptor 1 (MC1R)
This gene helps determine whether a dog can produce dark (black or brown) hairs or lighter yellow or red hairs. Any result except for ee means that the dog can produce dark hairs. An ee result means that the dog does not produce dark hairs and will have lighter yellow or red hairs all over its entire body.
The overall MC1R genetic result is influenced by more subloci than those presented in this section. Additional MC1R subloci results can be found under the Coat Color Modifiers > Facial Fur Pattern section below.
Did You Know?
If a dog has an ee result, then the fur’s actual shade can range from a deep copper to white - the exact color cannot be predicted solely from this result and will depend on other genetic factors, including the red pigment intensity test.
Intensity refers to the concentration of red pigment in the coat. Dogs with more densely concentrated (intense) pigment will be a deeper red, while dogs with less concentrated (dilute) pigment will be tan, yellow, cream, or white. Five locations in the dog genome explain approximately 70% of red pigmentation intensity variation across all dogs. Because the locations we test may not directly cause differences in red pigmentation intensity, we consider this to be a linkage test.
Did You Know?
One of the genes that influences pigment intensity in dogs, TYR, is also responsible for intensity variation in domestic mice, cats, cattle, rabbits, and llamas. In dogs and humans, more genes are involved.
This gene helps determine whether a dog produces brown or black pigments. Dogs with a bb result produce brown pigment instead of black in both their hair and skin, while dogs with a Bb or BB result produce black pigment. Dogs that have ee at the E (Extension) Locus and bb at this B (Brown) Locus are likely to have red or cream coats and brown noses, eye rims, and footpads, which is sometimes referred to as "Dudley Nose" in Labrador Retrievers.
Did You Know?
“Liver” or “chocolate” is the preferred color term for brown in most breeds; in the Doberman Pinscher it is referred to as “red”.
This gene helps determine whether a dog has lighter “diluted” pigment. A dog with a Dd or DD result will not be dilute. A dog with a dd result will have all their black or brown pigment lightened (“diluted”) to gray or light brown, and may lighten red pigment to cream. This affects their fur, skin, and sometimes eye color. The D locus result that we report is determined by three different genetic variants that can work together to cause diluted pigmentation. These are the common d allele, also known as “d1”, and the less common alleles known as “d2” and “d3”. Dogs with two d alleles, regardless of which variant, are typically dilute.
Did You Know?
There are many breed-specific names for these dilute colors, such as “blue”, “charcoal”, “fawn”, “silver”, and “Isabella”. Dilute dogs, especially in certain breeds, have a higher incidence of Color Dilution Alopecia which causes hair loss in some patches.
For every test, we run multiple assays to ensure the accuracy of the results we deliver. For your dog, one or more of these produced inconclusive or low confident results. Therefore, we are not able to provide you with a result at this time.
Coat Color Modifiers
Genetic Result:
kyky
Gene:
Canine Beta-Defensin 103 (CBD103)
This gene helps determine whether the dog has a black coat. Dogs with a kyky result will show a coat color pattern based on the result they have at the A (Agouti) Locus. A KBKB or KBky result means the dog is dominant black, which overrides the fur pattern that would otherwise be determined by the A (Agouti) Locus. These dogs will usually have solid black or brown coats, or if they have ee at the E (Extension) Locus then red/cream coats, regardless of their result at the A (Agouti) Locus. Dogs who test as KBky may be brindle rather than black or brown.
Did You Know?
Even if a dog is “dominant black” several other genes could still impact the dog’s fur and cause other patterns, such as white spotting.
This gene is responsible for causing different coat patterns. It only affects the fur of dogs that do not have ee at the E (Extension) Locus and do have kyky at the K (Dominant Black) Locus. It controls switching between black and red pigment in hair cells, which means that it can cause a dog to have hairs that have sections of black and sections of red/cream, or hairs with different colors on different parts of the dog’s body. Sable or Fawn dogs have a mostly or entirely red coat with some interspersed black hairs. Agouti or Wolf Sable dogs have red hairs with black tips, mostly on their head and back. Black and tan dogs are mostly black or brown with lighter patches on their cheeks, eyebrows, chest, and legs. Recessive black dogs have solid-colored black or brown coats.
Did You Know?
The ASIP gene causes interesting coat patterns in many other species of animals as well as dogs.
Why doesn't Pawlee have an exact genotype at this locus?
This locus actually includes several alleles. At the time this dog was genotyped Embark can distinguish some, but
not all, of the possible alleles at this location.
Gene:
Melanocortin Receptor 1 (MC1R)
This gene determines whether a dog can have dark hair and can give it a black “mask” or “widow’s peak,” unless the dog has overriding coat color genetic factors. Dogs with one or two copies of Em in their result may have a mask, which is dark facial fur as seen in the German Shepherd Dog and Pug. Dogs with no Em in their result but one or two copies of the Eg, Ea, or Eh variants can instead have a "widow's peak", which is dark forehead fur.
Did You Know?
The "widow’s peak" is seen in the Afghan Hound and Borzoi, and is called either “grizzle” or “domino.”
In the absence of Em, dogs with the Eg variant can have a “widow’s peak” phenotype. In the absence of both Em and E variants, dogs with the Ea or Eh variants can express the “widow’s peak” phenotype. Additionally, a dog with any combination of two of the Eg, Ea, or Eh variants (example: EgEa) is also expected to express the grizzle phenotype.
This gene is responsible for most of the white spotting observed in dogs. Dogs with a result of spsp will have a nearly white coat or large patches of white in their coat. Dogs with a result of Ssp will have more limited white spotting that is breed-dependent. A result of SS means that a dog likely has no white or minimal white in their coat. The S Locus does not explain all white spotting patterns in dogs and other causes are currently being researched. Some dogs may have small amounts of white on the paws, chest, face, or tail regardless of their result at this gene.
Did You Know?
Any dog can have white spotting regardless of coat color. The colored sections of the coat will reflect the dog’s other genetic coat color results.
This gene, along with the M Locus, determines whether a dog will have harlequin patterning. This pattern is recognized in Great Danes and causes dogs to have a white coat with patches of darker pigment. A dog with an Hh result will be harlequin if they are also M*m or M*M* at the M Locus and are not ee at the E locus. Dogs with a result of hh will not be harlequin.
Did You Know?
While many harlequin dogs are white with black patches, some dogs have grey, sable, or brindle patches of color, depending on their genotypes at other coat color genes.
For every test, we run multiple assays to ensure the accuracy of the results we deliver. For your dog, one or more of these produced inconclusive or low confident results. Therefore, we are not able to provide you with a result at this time.
Other Coat Traits
Genetic Result:
ShSh
Gene:
FGF5
This gene affects hair length in many species, including cats, dogs, mice, and humans. In dogs, an Lh allele confers a long, silky hair coat across many breeds, including Yorkshire Terriers, Cocker Spaniels, and Golden Retrievers. An ShSh or ShLh result is likely to mean a shorter coat, like in the Boxer or the American Staffordshire Terrier. The coat length determined by FGF5, as reported by us, is influenced by four genetic variants that work together to promote long hair.
The most common of these is the Lh1 variant (G/T, CanFam3.1, chr32, g.4509367) and the less common ones are Lh2 (C/T, CanFam3.1, chr32, g.4528639), Lh3 (16bp deletion, CanFam3.1, chr32, g.4528616), and Lh4 (GG insertion, CanFam3.1, chr32, g.4528621). The FGF5_Lh1 variant is found across many dog breeds. The less common variants, FGF5_Lh2 have been found in the Akita, Samoyed, and Siberian Husky, FGF5_Lh3 have been found in the Eurasier, and FGF5_Lh4 have been found in the Afghan Hound, Eurasier, and French Bulldog.
The Lh alleles have a recessive mode of inheritance, meaning that two copies of the Lh alleles are required to have long hair. The presence of two Lh alleles at any of these FGF5 loci is expected to result in long hair. One copy each of Lh1 and Lh2 have been found in Samoyeds, one copy each of Lh1 and Lh3 have been found in Eurasiers and one copy each of Lh1 and Lh4 have been found in Afghan Hounds and Eurasiers.
Did You Know?
In certain breeds, such as Pembroke Welsh Corgi and French Bulldog, the long coat is described as “fluffy.”
This gene affects how much a dog sheds. Dogs with furnishings or wire-haired coats tend to be low shedders regardless of their result for this gene. In other dogs, a CC or CT result indicates heavy or seasonal shedding, like many Labradors and German Shepherd Dogs. Dogs with a TT result tend to be lighter shedders, like Boxers, Shih Tzus and Chihuahuas.
For dogs with long fur, dogs with a TT or CT result will likely have a wavy or curly coat like the coat of Poodles and Bichon Frises. Dogs with a CC result will likely have a straight coat—unless the dog has a "Likely Furnished" result for the Furnishings trait, since this can also make the coat more curly.
Did You Know?
Dogs with short coats may have straight coats, whatever result they have for this gene.
This gene can cause hairlessness over most of the body as well as changes in tooth shape and number. This particular gene occurs in Peruvian Inca Orchid, Xoloitzcuintli (Mexican Hairless), and Chinese Crested; other hairless breeds are due to different genes. Dogs with the NDup result are likely to be hairless while dogs with the NN result are likely to have a normal coat. We measure this result using a linkage test.
Did You Know?
The DupDup result has never been observed, suggesting that dogs with that genotype cannot survive to birth.
This gene causes oculocutaneous albinism (OCA), also known as Doberman Z Factor Albinism. Dogs with a DD result will have OCA. Effects include severely reduced or absent pigment in the eyes, skin, and hair, and sometimes vision problems due to lack of eye pigment (which helps direct and absorb ambient light) and are prone to sunburn. Dogs with a ND result will not be affected, but can pass the mutation on to their offspring. We measure this result using a linkage test.
Did You Know?
This particular mutation can be traced back to a single white Doberman Pinscher born in 1976, and it has only been observed in dogs descended from this individual.
For every test, we run multiple assays to ensure the accuracy of the results we deliver. For your dog, one or more of these produced inconclusive or low confident results. Therefore, we are not able to provide you with a result at this time.
Other Body Features
Genetic Result:
CC
Gene:
BMP3
This gene affects muzzle length. A dog with a AC or CC result is likely to have a medium-length muzzle like a Staffordshire Terrier or Labrador, or a long muzzle like a Whippet or Collie. A dog with a AA result is likely to have a short muzzle, like an English Bulldog, Pug, or Pekingese.
Did You Know?
At least five different genes affect snout length in dogs, with BMP3 being the only one with a known causal mutation. For example, the muzzle length of some breeds, including the long-snouted Scottish Terrier or the short-snouted Japanese Chin, appear to be caused by other genes. This means your dog may have a long or short snout due to other genetic factors. Embark is working to figure out what these might be.
This is one of the genes that can cause hind dew claws, which are extra, nonfunctional digits located midway between a dog's paw and hock. Dogs with a CT or TT result have about a 50% chance of having hind dewclaws. Hind dew claws can also be caused by other, still unknown, genes. Embark is working to figure those out.
Did You Know?
Hind dew claws are commonly found in certain breeds such as the Saint Bernard.
This gene is associated with blue eyes in Arctic breeds like Siberian Husky as well as tri-colored (non-merle) Australian Shepherds. Dogs with a DupDup or NDup result are more likely to have blue eyes, although some dogs may have only one blue eye or may not have blue eyes at all; nevertheless, they can still pass blue eyes to their offspring. Dogs with a NN result may have blue eyes due to other factors, such as merle or white spotting. We measure this result using a linkage test.
Did You Know?
Embark researchers discovered this gene by studying data from dogs like yours. Who knows what we will be able to discover next? Answer the questions on our research surveys to contribute to future discoveries!
For every test, we run multiple assays to ensure the accuracy of the results we deliver. For your dog, one or more of these produced inconclusive or low confident results. Therefore, we are not able to provide you with a result at this time.
Body Size
Genetic Result:
NN
Gene:
IGF1
This is one of several genes that influence the size of a dog. A result of II for this gene is associated with smaller body size. A result of NN is associated with larger body size.
This is one of several genes that influence the size of a dog. A result of AA for this gene is associated with smaller body size. A result of GG is associated with larger body size.
This is one of several genes that influence the size of a dog. A result of AA for this gene is associated with smaller body size. A result of TT is associated with larger body size.
This is one of several genes that influence the size of a dog. A result of AA for this gene is associated with smaller body size. A result of GG is associated with larger body size.
This is one of several genes that influence the size of a dog. A result of TT for this gene is associated with smaller body size. A result of CC is associated with larger body size.
For every test, we run multiple assays to ensure the accuracy of the results we deliver. For your dog, one or more of these produced inconclusive or low confident results. Therefore, we are not able to provide you with a result at this time.
Performance
Genetic Result:
GG
Gene:
EPAS1
This gene causes dogs to be especially tolerant of low oxygen environments, such as those found at high elevations. Dogs with a AA or GA result will be less susceptible to "altitude sickness."
Did You Know?
This gene was originally identified in breeds from high altitude areas such as the Tibetan Mastiff.
This gene influences eating behavior. An ND or DD result would predict higher food motivation compared to NN result, increasing the likelihood to eat excessively, have higher body fat percentage, and be more prone to obesity. Read more about the genetics of POMC, and learn how you can contribute to research, in our blog post. We measure this result using a linkage test.
Did You Know?
POMC is actually short for "proopiomelanocortin," and is a large protein that is broken up into several smaller proteins that have biological activity. The smaller proteins generated from POMC control, among other things, distribution of pigment to the hair and skin cells, appetite, and energy expenditure.
Through Pawlee’s mitochondrial DNA we can trace his mother’s ancestry back to where dogs and people first became friends.
This map helps you visualize the routes that his ancestors took to your home. Their story is described below the map.
Haplogroup
B2
Haplotype
B5/23
B2
Pawlee’s Haplogroup
B2 is a very rare maternal line. It is present in the ancient Canaan Dog, Akita, and Indian village dog. The distribution between two ancient dog breeds suggests that this may have been a more common lineage in the past, and has been declined more recently.
B5/23
Pawlee’s Haplotype
Part of the B2 haplogroup, this haplotype occurs among village dogs in China.
This Canaan Dog descends from this rare maternal line.
Through Pawlee’s Y-chromosome we can trace his father’s ancestry back to where dogs and people first became friends.
This map helps you visualize the routes that his ancestors took to your home. Their story is described below the map.
Haplogroup
C
Haplotype
H5a
C
Pawlee’s Haplogroup
C is a relatively rare paternal lineage. The dog populations which bear C are a disparate bunch. The Akita and Shiba Inu are Japanese breeds, the former of which seems to have roots in the Jomon population of hunter-gatherers which were present in the islands of Japan before the ancestors of the modern Japanese arrived. The New Guinea Singing Dog, Samoyed, and Alaska Malamute are all disparate breeds that also represent the C lineage. One village dog from Peru also bore this lineage. This wide distribution and diversity suggest C is not a recently expanded lineage. It likely represents a canid lineage which diversified sometime around the Last Glacial Maximum, when the dogs of Siberia and Oceania split off and went their separate ways.
H5a
Pawlee’s Haplotype
Part of the C haplogroup, this haplotype occurs most commonly in Akitas and Alaskan Malamutes.
The Shiba Inu descends from this relativey rare haplogroup.
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