Harley

Genetic Result: E^mE or E^me

Why doesn't Harley have an exact genotype at this locus?
This locus actually includes several alleles. At the time this dog was genotyped Embark can distinguish some, but not all, of the possible alleles at this location.

Gene: Melanocortin Receptor 1 (MC1R)

This gene helps determine whether a dog can produce dark (black or brown) hairs or lighter yellow or red hairs. Any result except for ee means that the dog can produce dark hairs. An ee result means that the dog does not produce dark hairs and will have lighter yellow or red hairs all over its entire body.

The overall MC1R genetic result is influenced by more subloci than those presented in this section. Additional MC1R subloci results can be found under the Coat Color Modifiers > Facial Fur Pattern section below.

If a dog has an ee result, then the fur’s actual shade can range from a deep copper to white - the exact color cannot be predicted solely from this result and will depend on other genetic factors, including the red pigment intensity test.

More information: http://www.doggenetics.co.uk/masks.html

Genetic Result: BB

Gene: Tyrosinase Related Protein 1 (TYRP1)

This gene helps determine whether a dog produces brown or black pigments. Dogs with a bb result produce brown pigment instead of black in both their hair and skin, while dogs with a Bb or BB result produce black pigment. Dogs that have ee at the E (Extension) Locus and bb at this B (Brown) Locus are likely to have red or cream coats and brown noses, eye rims, and footpads, which is sometimes referred to as "Dudley Nose" in Labrador Retrievers.

“Liver” or “chocolate” is the preferred color term for brown in most breeds; in the Doberman Pinscher it is referred to as “red”.

More information: http://www.doggenetics.co.uk/liver.html

Genetic Result: Dd

Gene: Melanophilin (MLPH)

This gene helps determine whether a dog has lighter “diluted” pigment. A dog with a Dd or DD result will not be dilute. A dog with a dd result will have all their black or brown pigment lightened (“diluted”) to gray or light brown, and may lighten red pigment to cream. This affects their fur, skin, and sometimes eye color. The D locus result that we report is determined by three different genetic variants that can work together to cause diluted pigmentation. These are the common d allele, also known as “d1”, and the less common alleles known as “d2” and “d3”. Dogs with two d alleles, regardless of which variant, are typically dilute.

There are many breed-specific names for these dilute colors, such as “blue”, “charcoal”, “fawn”, “silver”, and “Isabella”. Dilute dogs, especially in certain breeds, have a higher incidence of Color Dilution Alopecia which causes hair loss in some patches.

More information: http://www.doggenetics.co.uk/dilutes.html

Genetic Result: K^BK^B

Gene: Canine Beta-Defensin 103 (CBD103)

This gene helps determine whether the dog has a black coat. Dogs with a k^yk^y result will show a coat color pattern based on the result they have at the A (Agouti) Locus. A K^BK^B or K^Bk^y result means the dog is dominant black, which overrides the fur pattern that would otherwise be determined by the A (Agouti) Locus. These dogs will usually have solid black or brown coats, or if they have ee at the E (Extension) Locus then red/cream coats, regardless of their result at the A (Agouti) Locus. Dogs who test as K^Bk^y may be brindle rather than black or brown.

Even if a dog is “dominant black” several other genes could still impact the dog’s fur and cause other patterns, such as white spotting.

More information: http://www.doggenetics.co.uk/black.htm

Genetic Result: a^ya or a^ya^t

Why doesn't Harley have an exact genotype at this locus?
This locus actually includes several alleles. At the time this dog was genotyped Embark can distinguish some, but not all, of the possible alleles at this location.

Gene: Agouti Signalling Protein (ASIP)

This gene is responsible for causing different coat patterns. It only affects the fur of dogs that do not have ee at the E (Extension) Locus and do have k^yk^y at the K (Dominant Black) Locus. It controls switching between black and red pigment in hair cells, which means that it can cause a dog to have hairs that have sections of black and sections of red/cream, or hairs with different colors on different parts of the dog’s body. Sable or Fawn dogs have a mostly or entirely red coat with some interspersed black hairs. Agouti or Wolf Sable dogs have red hairs with black tips, mostly on their head and back. Black and tan dogs are mostly black or brown with lighter patches on their cheeks, eyebrows, chest, and legs. Recessive black dogs have solid-colored black or brown coats.

The ASIP gene causes interesting coat patterns in many other species of animals as well as dogs.

More information: http://www.doggenetics.co.uk/tan.html

Genetic Result: E^mE or E^me

Why doesn't Harley have an exact genotype at this locus?
This locus actually includes several alleles. At the time this dog was genotyped Embark can distinguish some, but not all, of the possible alleles at this location.

Gene: Melanocortin Receptor 1 (MC1R)

This gene determines whether a dog can have dark hair and can give it a black “mask” or “widow’s peak,” unless the dog has overriding coat color genetic factors. Dogs with one or two copies of E^m in their result may have a mask, which is dark facial fur as seen in the German Shepherd Dog and Pug. Dogs with no E^m in their result but one or two copies of the E^g, E^a, or E^h variants can instead have a "widow's peak", which is dark forehead fur.

The "widow’s peak" is seen in the Afghan Hound and Borzoi, and is called either “grizzle” or “domino.”

In the absence of E^m, dogs with the E^g variant can have a “widow’s peak” phenotype. In the absence of both E^m and E variants, dogs with the E^a or E^h variants can express the “widow’s peak” phenotype. Additionally, a dog with any combination of two of the E^g, E^a, or E^h variants (example: E^gE^a) is also expected to express the grizzle phenotype.

More information: http://www.doggenetics.co.uk/masks.html

Genetic Result: ShSh

Gene: FGF5

This gene affects hair length in many species, including cats, dogs, mice, and humans. In dogs, an Lh allele confers a long, silky hair coat across many breeds, including Yorkshire Terriers, Cocker Spaniels, and Golden Retrievers. An ShSh or ShLh result is likely to mean a shorter coat, like in the Boxer or the American Staffordshire Terrier. The coat length determined by FGF5, as reported by us, is influenced by four genetic variants that work together to promote long hair.

The most common of these is the Lh1 variant (G/T, CanFam3.1, chr32, g.4509367) and the less common ones are Lh2 (C/T, CanFam3.1, chr32, g.4528639), Lh3 (16bp deletion, CanFam3.1, chr32, g.4528616), and Lh4 (GG insertion, CanFam3.1, chr32, g.4528621). The FGF5_Lh1 variant is found across many dog breeds. The less common variants, FGF5_Lh2 have been found in the Akita, Samoyed, and Siberian Husky, FGF5_Lh3 have been found in the Eurasier, and FGF5_Lh4 have been found in the Afghan Hound, Eurasier, and French Bulldog.

The Lh alleles have a recessive mode of inheritance, meaning that two copies of the Lh alleles are required to have long hair. The presence of two Lh alleles at any of these FGF5 loci is expected to result in long hair. One copy each of Lh1 and Lh2 have been found in Samoyeds, one copy each of Lh1 and Lh3 have been found in Eurasiers and one copy each of Lh1 and Lh4 have been found in Afghan Hounds and Eurasiers.

In certain breeds, such as Pembroke Welsh Corgi and French Bulldog, the long coat is described as “fluffy.”

Genetic Result: CT

Gene: MC5R

This gene affects how much a dog sheds. Dogs with furnishings or wire-haired coats tend to be low shedders regardless of their result for this gene. In other dogs, a CC or CT result indicates heavy or seasonal shedding, like many Labradors and German Shepherd Dogs. Dogs with a TT result tend to be lighter shedders, like Boxers, Shih Tzus and Chihuahuas.

Genetic Result: CC

Gene: KRT71

For dogs with long fur, dogs with a TT or CT result will likely have a wavy or curly coat like the coat of Poodles and Bichon Frises. Dogs with a CC result will likely have a straight coat—unless the dog has a "Likely Furnished" result for the Furnishings trait, since this can also make the coat more curly.

Dogs with short coats may have straight coats, whatever result they have for this gene.

Genetic Result: CC

Gene: BMP3

This gene affects muzzle length. A dog with a AC or CC result is likely to have a medium-length muzzle like a Staffordshire Terrier or Labrador, or a long muzzle like a Whippet or Collie. A dog with a AA result is likely to have a short muzzle, like an English Bulldog, Pug, or Pekingese.

At least five different genes affect snout length in dogs, with BMP3 being the only one with a known causal mutation. For example, the muzzle length of some breeds, including the long-snouted Scottish Terrier or the short-snouted Japanese Chin, appear to be caused by other genes. This means your dog may have a long or short snout due to other genetic factors. Embark is working to figure out what these might be.

Genetic Result: CC

Gene: LMBR1

This is one of the genes that can cause hind dew claws, which are extra, nonfunctional digits located midway between a dog's paw and hock. Dogs with a CT or TT result have about a 50% chance of having hind dewclaws. Hind dew claws can also be caused by other, still unknown, genes. Embark is working to figure those out.

Hind dew claws are commonly found in certain breeds such as the Saint Bernard.

Genetic Result: NI

Gene: IGF1

This is one of several genes that influence the size of a dog. A result of II for this gene is associated with smaller body size. A result of NN is associated with larger body size.

Genetic Result: GG

Gene: IGFR1

This is one of several genes that influence the size of a dog. A result of AA for this gene is associated with smaller body size. A result of GG is associated with larger body size.

Genetic Result: TA

Gene: STC2

This is one of several genes that influence the size of a dog. A result of AA for this gene is associated with smaller body size. A result of TT is associated with larger body size.

Genetic Result: GG

Gene: GHR - E191K

This is one of several genes that influence the size of a dog. A result of AA for this gene is associated with smaller body size. A result of GG is associated with larger body size.

Genetic Result: CC

Gene: GHR - P177L

This is one of several genes that influence the size of a dog. A result of TT for this gene is associated with smaller body size. A result of CC is associated with larger body size.

Genetic Result: GG

Gene: EPAS1

This gene causes dogs to be especially tolerant of low oxygen environments, such as those found at high elevations. Dogs with a AA or GA result will be less susceptible to "altitude sickness."

This gene was originally identified in breeds from high altitude areas such as the Tibetan Mastiff.